ABSTRACT Background: People living with HIV (PLH) under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: We examined the incidence of T2DM, associated factors and mean time to outcome in PLH under cART. Method: Data for this multicenter cohort study were obtained from PLH aged over 18, who started cART in 13 Brazilian sites from 2003 to 2013. Factors associated with incident T2DM were evaluated by Cox multiple regression models. Results: A total of 6724 patients (30,997.93 person-years) were followed from January 2003 to December 2016. A T2DM incidence rate of 17.3/1000 person-years (95%CI 15.8-18.8) was observed. Incidence of isolated hypertriglyceridemia and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were 84.3 (95%CI 81.1-87.6) and 14.5/1000 person-years (95%CI 13.2-15.9), respectively. Mean time to T2DM onset was 10.5 years (95%CI 10.3-10.6). Variables associated with incident T2DM were age 40-50 [Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.7, 95%CI 1.4-2.1] and ≥ 50 years (HR 2.4, 95%CI 1.9-3.1); obesity (HR 2.1, 95%CI 1.6-2.8); abnormal triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio (HR 1.8, 95%CI 1.51-2.2). IFG predicted T2DM (HR 2.6, 95%CI 1.7-2.5) and occurred on average 3.3 years before diabetes onset. Exposure to stavudine for ≥ 2 years was independently associated with incident T2DM [HR 1.6, 95%CI 1.0-2.2). Conclusion: Brazilian PLH under cART are at significant risk of developing T2DM and share risk factors for diabetes onset with the general population, such as older age, obesity, and having metabolic abnormalities at baseline. Moreover, stavudine use was independently associated with incident T2DM. Identifying PLH at a higher risk of T2DM can help caretakers trigger health promotion and establish specific targets for implementation of preventive measures.

OBJETIVOS: Apresentar os indicadores de aleitamento materno (AM), obtidos na II Pesquisa de Prevalência de Aleitamento Materno nas Capitais Brasileiras e Distrito Federal, bem como analisar sua evolução no período de 1999 a 2008. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de corte transversal, envolvendo crianças menores de 1 ano de idade que participaram da segunda fase da campanha de multivacinação de 2008. Foram utilizadas amostras por conglomerados, com sorteio em dois estágios. O questionário era composto por questões fechadas, incluindo o consumo de leite materno, outros tipos de leite e outros alimentos no dia anterior à pesquisa. Foram analisadas as prevalências de AM na primeira hora de vida; aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) em menores de 6 meses; AM em crianças de 9 a 12 meses; e medianas do AME e AM. A variação temporal do AM foi estabelecida por meio da comparação das medianas do AME e AM em 1999 e 2008. RESULTADOS: Obtiveram-se dados de 34.366 crianças. Verificou-se que 67,7% (IC95% 66,7-68,8) mamaram na primeira hora de vida; a prevalência do AME em crianças de 0 a 6 meses foi de 41% (IC95% 39,7-42,4), e do AM em crianças de 9 a 12 meses foi de 58,7% (IC95% 56,8-60,7). Houve aumento de 30,7 dias na duração mediana do AME e de 45,7 dias na mediana do AM. CONCLUSÃO: Houve melhora significativa da situação do AM na última década. Porém, ainda são necessários esforços para que o Brasil atinja índices de AM compatíveis com as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde.

OBJECTIVES: To present the breastfeeding (BF) indicators obtained in the Second Survey on Prevalence of Breastfeeding in the Brazilian Capitals and the Federal District and to analyze their evolution from 1999 to 2008. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in children younger than 1 year old who participated in the second phase of the multivaccination campaign in 2008. We used two-stage cluster sampling. The questionnaire consisted of closed questions, including data on consumption of breast milk, other types of milk, and other foods on the day prior to the survey. We analyzed the prevalence of BF in the first hour of life; exclusive BF in children younger than 6 months; BF in children aged 9 to 12 months; and medians of exclusive BF and BF. The time variation of BF was established by comparing the medians of exclusive BF and BF in 1999 and 2008. RESULTS: We obtained data from 34,366 children. We found that 67.7% (95%CI 66.7-68.8) of the children were breastfed in the first hour of life; the prevalence of exclusive BF in children aged 0 to 6 months was 41% (95%CI 39.7-42.4), while the prevalence of BF in children aged 9 to 12 months was 58.7% (95%CI 56.8-60.7). There was an increase of 30.7 days in the median duration of exclusive BF and 45.7 days in the median of BF. CONCLUSION: There was a significant improvement in the breastfeeding prevalence in the last decade. However, further efforts are required so that Brazil can reach BF rates compatible with the recommendations of the World Health Organization.

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à interrupção precoce (antes dos 4 meses) do aleitamento materno exclusivo e à introdução tardia (após os 8 meses) de alimentos complementares. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal, por meio de inquérito, no primeiro dia da Campanha Nacional de Vacinação de 2004 em Cuiabá (MT). A amostra consistiu de 921 crianças menores de 1 ano, cujos acompanhantes foram entrevistados utilizando questionário semi-estruturado. Aplicou-se técnica de probitos para avaliação da oferta de líquidos e sólidos, e análise de regressão logística para análise de fatores associados à introdução precoce de líquidos ou introdução tardia de sólidos. RESULTADOS: Observou-se elevado consumo de água e chás, seguido pelo de leite de vaca, nos menores de 120 dias. A chance de estar ofertando líquido no momento do inquérito foi maior para as crianças que receberam tais alimentos no dia da alta da maternidade. A partir dos 8 meses, aproximadamente 60% das crianças estavam recebendo sopa ou comida da família. CONCLUSÕES: A oferta de líquidos no primeiro dia em casa mostrou-se um bom preditor desse hábito nos primeiros 4 meses, reforçando a necessidade de ações no acompanhamento pré-natal e na maternidade sobre os malefícios dessa prática. Após os 8 meses, no entanto, há que se reforçar a importância da participação da criança na comida da família, especialmente para as mães adultas, com menos do que o 3º grau de escolaridade e primíparas.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with early interruption (before 4 months) of exclusive breastfeeding and late introduction (after 8 months) of complementary foods. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, based on a survey conducted on the first day of the National Vaccination Campaign in 2004, in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. The sample comprised 921 children less than 1 year old, and the adult accompanying each child was interviewed and a semi-structured questionnaire filled out. Probit analysis was employed to assess consumption of liquids and solids, and logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with early introduction of liquids and with late introduction of solids. RESULTS: There was elevated consumption of water and teas, followed by cow's milk among those less than 120 days old. Children were more likely to be being given liquids on the day of the survey if they had been consuming them on the day they were discharged from the maternity unit. Approximately 60% of the children were being given soup or the family meal by 8 months. CONCLUSIONS: Liquids being given on the first day at home was a good predictor that they would be given for the first 4 months, emphasizing the need for intervention during prenatal care and at maternity units to counter the harm caused by this practice. After 8 months, however, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the child participating in family meals, especially for adult mothers without higher education and primaparous mothers.

OBJETIVOS: descrever e analisar dados de um inquérito realizado em Londrina, Paraná, sobre práticas alimentares no primeiro ano de vida. MÉTODOS: os dados foram obtidos durante a "Campanha Nacional de Vacinação, realizada em agosto de 2002. As crianças foram selecionadas por plano de amostragem por conglomerado. Aplicou-se um questionário com questões sobre alimentação da criança nas 24 horas precedentes. Para obtenção das freqüências empregou-se análise de probitos. Pela análise de regressão logística, foram analisados os fatores de risco para interrupção da amamentação exclusiva em menores de quatro meses e desmame em menores de um ano. RESULTADOS: em menores de quatro meses, a prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) foi 29,3% e, para aleitamento materno predominante (AMP) 20,7%. Nos menores de seis meses, a prevalência do AME foi 21,0% e do AMP 16,5%. Para o aleitamento materno (AM) em menores de um ano, a prevalência foi 62,4%. As medianas em dias foram 11,9 para AME e 257,3 para AM. Entre os fatores de risco para interrupção do AME e do AM destacam-se: uso de chupeta, primiparidade, acompanhamento ambulatorial em serviço público, idade e trabalho materno. CONCLUSÕES: as taxas de aleitamento foram consideradas baixas, indicando a necessidade de se estabelecerem políticas públicas adequadas para alimentação da criança.

OBJECTIVES: to describe and analyze data of a survey on nutritional practices in children to one year of age carried out in Londrina, Paraná. METHOD: data were obtained during the "National Immunisition Canpaign", carried out in August 2002. Mothers were asked to answer a questionnaire on how they had fed their child in the preceding 24 hours. Children were selected following a sample planning by cluster. Probits analysis was used to know the breastfeeding frequency. Through logistic regression analysis risk factors were analyzed concerning the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding of babies younger than four months and the weaning of babies below the age of one. RESULTS: among babies younger than four months exclusive breastfeeding (EB) prevalence was 29.3% and predominant breastfeeding (PB) was 20.7%. For those younger than six months, EB prevalence was 21% and PB was 16.5%. Concerning children below the age of one, the prevalence was 62.4%. The median time was 11.9 days for EB and 257.3 for PB. Risk factors were: use of pacifiers, first child, mother's age and job. CONCLUSIONS: the breast-feeding rates found were considered low, showing the necessity of making adequate public policies.